Category: Pronouns

Part A: Subject Pronouns (All 7 Forms)

Subject pronouns perform the action and come before the main verb.

• 1. I — “I enjoy learning English every morning.” / “I read a new chapter before going to sleep.”
• 2. You — “You did an amazing job on the project.” / “You should take a break after working so long.”
• 3. He — “He married Bethany last June.” / “He plays soccer for the local sports team.”
• 4. She — “She works as a doctor at the hospital.” / “She baked a delicious chocolate cake for the party.”
• 5. It — “It is raining heavily outside.” / “It landed safely on top of the fence.”
• 6. We — “We are traveling to Europe next month.” / “We completed the assignment together.”
• 7. They — “They arrived early for the conference.” / “They build high-quality furniture.”

Part B: Object Pronouns (All 7 Forms)

Object pronouns receive the action and come after the main verb or prepositions.

• 8. Me — “Sarah called me on the phone.” / “The teacher explained the rule to me.”
• 9. You — “I will help you with your homework.” / “The manager invited you to the private meeting.”
• 10. Him — “Chad married her, and she loves him dearly.” / “We saw him walking across the street.”
• 11. Her — “The manager hired her last week.” / “John gave her a beautiful birthday present.”
• 12. It — “I picked up the book and placed it on the desk.” / “Don’t drop the glass because you might break it.”
• 13. Us — “The teacher gave us new notebooks.” / “They sent us an invitation to their wedding.”
• 14. Them — “We invited them to our dinner party.” / “The police checked them at the entrance gate.”

1. Verb Placement Rule: Subject pronouns go before the main verb (e.g., “He called Mary”). Object pronouns go after the verb or preposition (e.g., “Mary called him“).

2. Identical Forms: The pronouns you and it retain the exact same form for both Subject and Object roles.

3. Avoid Redundancy: Never use a noun and a subject pronoun together for the same subject (e.g., say “The doctor works hard,” NOT “The doctor she works hard”).

1. Mine 👤 (belongs to me)

• “That phone is mine.”
• “You took your bag, but where is mine?”

2. Yours 🫵 (belongs to you)

• “Is this winter jacket yours?”
• “I found a set of keys on the desk; are they yours?”

3. His 👨 (belongs to a male person)

• “The black laptop on the table is his.”
• “Mark forgot his umbrella, so Sarah lent him his.”

4. Hers 👩 (belongs to a female person)

• “The red car parked outside is hers.”
• “That notebook isn’t my sister’s; this blue one is hers.”

5. Ours 👥 (belongs to us)

• “The winning science project was ours.”
• “Their house is big, but ours has a beautiful garden.”

6. Theirs 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 (belongs to them)

• “They bought the property, so it is theirs.”
• “Our team scored ten points, but theirs scored twelve.”

1. Never Use Apostrophes: Do NOT add apostrophes to possessive pronouns (e.g., write yours, hers, ours, theirs — NEVER your’s, her’s, our’s, their’s!).

2. Standalone Rule: Never place a noun directly after a possessive pronoun (e.g., ✅ “This car is hers,” ❌ “This is hers car”).

3. No Standalone Form for “Its”: In modern English, its is only used as a possessive adjective with a noun, not as a standalone possessive pronoun.

1. Who 👤 (asks about a person — subject)

• “Who lives in that apartment?”
• “Who baked this delicious chocolate cake?”

2. Whom 🎯 (asks about a person — object)

• “Whom did you invite to the party?”
• “To whom should I address this formal letter?”

3. What 📦 (asks about things or ideas)

• “What is sitting on the kitchen counter?”
• “What did the manager say during the meeting?”

4. Which 🔍 (choosing from a limited group)

• “Which of these two shirts do you prefer?”
• “Which of the candidates performed best in the interview?”

5. Whose 🔐 (asking about ownership)

• “Whose keys are lying on the floor?”
• “Whose car is parked in front of our driveway?”

6. Whoever 👥 (any person at all)

• “Whoever left the window open should close it.”
• “Whoever finishes the test first may leave the room.”

7. Whichever 🔀 (any choice at all)

• “Choose whichever suits your schedule best.”
• “You can take whichever of these two books you want to read.”

1. Who vs. Whom Test: Replace the question with He/Him. If the answer is He, use Who (Who called? He called). If the answer is Him, use Whom (Whom did you see? I saw him).

2. Which vs. What: Use Which when there is a limited, specific choice (e.g., “Which of these 3 pens?”). Use What when options are open and unlimited (e.g., “What is your name?”).

3. Whose vs. Who’s: Never confuse Whose (possession) with Who’s (contraction for who is or who has).

1. Myself 👤 (1st person singular)

• “I saw myself in the mirror.”
• “I taught myself how to play the acoustic guitar.”

2. Yourself 🫵 (2nd person singular)

• “Be careful not to cut yourself with the knife.”
• “Did you enjoy yourself at the concert last night?”

3. Himself 👨 (3rd person male singular)

• “The boy wanted to play by himself.”
• “Mark introduced himself to the new manager.”

4. Herself 👩 (3rd person female singular)

• “She bought a new dress for herself.”
• “Sarah looked at herself in the glass door reflection.”

5. Itself 🐱 (3rd person non-human singular)

• “The cat cleaned itself after eating.”
• “The smart system rebooted itself automatically.”

6. Ourselves 👥 (1st person plural)

• “We prepared ourselves for the long journey.”
• “We blamed ourselves for missing the flight.”

7. Yourselves 👥🫵 (2nd person plural)

• “Please make yourselves at home.”
• “Class, please complete the assignment yourselves.”

8. Themselves 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 (3rd person plural)

• “They organized the entire event themselves.”
• “The children dressed themselves for school.”

9. Oneself 🌐 (generic person singular)

• “One must learn to trust oneself.”
• “It is important to give oneself time to rest.”

1. The “By + Reflexive” Meaning: Adding by before a reflexive pronoun means alone or without help (e.g., “He lived by himself“ = He lived alone).

2. Incorrect Word Warning: Never use non-standard words like theirselves, hisself, or ourself in formal writing.

3. Subject/Object Identity Test: Use reflexive pronouns ONLY when the subject and object are the exact same entity.

1. Who 👤 (refers to people — subject)

• “The boy who lives next door lost his bicycle.”
• “I met a manager who speaks four languages.”

2. Whom 🎯 (refers to people — object)

• “The doctor whom you recommended was helpful.”
• “The candidate whom we interviewed yesterday got the job.”

3. Whose 🔐 (refers to possession)

• “The student whose car broke down missed class.”
• “I helped a neighbor whose dog had run away.”

4. Which 📦 (refers to things / animals)

• “The book which I borrowed was fascinating.”
• “My laptop, which I bought three years ago, still works perfectly.”

5. That 🔗 (refers to people, things, or animals)

• “People that exercise frequently are generally healthy.”
• “Here is the contract that needs your signature.”

6. Whoever 👥 (refers to any person — subject)

• “Send the email to whoever is in charge.”
• “Whoever arrives first can pick the best seat.”

7. Whomever 🎯👥 (refers to any person — object)

• “You may choose whomever you like for the team.”
• “The prize will be given to whomever the judges select.”

8. Whichever 🔀 (refers to any selection)

• “Take whichever seat is free.”
• “Select whichever of these two courses fits your schedule.”

1. Defining vs. Non-Defining Clauses (Commas Rule):

• Essential Details (No Commas): Use that, who, or which when details are required to identify the noun (e.g., “The car that is parked outside is mine”).
• Extra Details (Use Commas): Use which or who surrounded by commas for non-essential info (e.g., “My car, which is red, is parked outside”).

2. Who vs. Whom Test: Replace the relative pronoun with he/she or him/her. If he/she works, use who. If him/her works, use whom.

3. Whose vs. Who’s: Never confuse whose (possessive relative pronoun) with who’s (contraction for who is or who has).

1. This 👈 (singular — near distance)

• "Come look at this."
• "This is the best coffee I have ever tasted."

2. That 👉 (singular — far distance)

• "That looks like a dark storm cloud over there."
• "I saw a car yesterday, and that was the model I want."

3. These 👈👈 (plural — near distance)

• "These are my favorite running shoes."
• "Take a look at these freshly baked cookies."

4. Those 👉👉 (plural — far distance)

• "Who owns those bicycles across the street?"
• "Those were wonderful memories from our school days."

5. Such 🌟 (type, degree, or quality)

• "Such was the impact of his inspirational speech."
• "He expected a promotion, but such was not the company's plan."

1. The Touch Rule: Use this/these for items close enough to physically touch. Use that/those for items further away.

2. Subject-Verb Agreement:

• Use singular verbs (is, was) with this and that (e.g., "This is mine").
• Use plural verbs (are, were) with these and those (e.g., "These are mine").

3. Standalone Test: Ensure no noun directly follows the demonstrative word. If a noun follows directly (e.g., "this phone"), it is acting as an adjective, not a pronoun.

Part A: Singular Indefinite Pronouns (1–15)

1. Anyone / Anybody 👤 — “Is anybody at your house?” / “Does anyone have an extra pen?”

2. Someone / Somebody 👤 — “Someone dropped a wallet on the street.” / “Somebody left the gate unlocked.”

3. Everyone / Everybody 👥 — “Everyone enjoyed the musical performance.” / “Everybody needs help sometimes.”

4. No one / Nobody 🚫 — “Nobody came to the evening meeting.” / “No one knows the secret password.”

5. Anything 📦 — “Did you buy anything at the mall?” / “I don’t need anything from the store.”

6. Something 📦 — “There is something making noise in the attic.” / “I have something important to tell you.”

7. Everything 📦 — “Everything is packed and ready for our trip.” / “Everything happens for a reason.”

8. Nothing 🚫 — “Nothing can stop us now.” / “There is nothing inside the empty box.”

9. Each 1️⃣ — “Each of the students received a certificate.” / “Each has its own unique color.”

10. One 👤 — “One never knows what the future holds.” / “This apple is bad, but that one is fresh.”

11. Either 🔀 — “You can choose either of the two options.” / “Either is fine with me.”

12. Neither 🚫🔀 — “Neither of the answers was correct.” / “Neither of the two keys opened the lock.”

13. Another ➕ — “That cup was delicious; may I have another?” / “One student left, and another arrived.”

14. Little 🤏 — “Little is known about his early life.” / “Little was accomplished during the meeting.”

15. Much 📊 — “Much has been said about this topic.” / “Much remains to be done before tomorrow.”

Part B: Plural & Variable Indefinite Pronouns (16–24)

16. Both 👥 — “Both of my sisters are teachers.” / “Both were accepted into university.”

17. Few 🤏👥 — “Many were invited, but few attended.” / “Few understand the complexity of this problem.”

18. Many 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 — “Many have tried to solve this riddle.” / “Many were pleased with the results.”

19. Several 🔢 — “Several of the plates were broken.” / “Several have already submitted reports.”

20. Others 👥 — “Some people agreed, but others objected.” / “A few arrived today, but others will arrive tomorrow.”

21. All 🔄 — “All of the food was delicious.” / “All of the students were present.”

22. Any 🔄 — “Is any of the soup left?” / “Are there any left?”

23. Most 🔄 — “Most of the work is already done.” / “Most of the apples were ripe.”

24. None 🔄 — “None of the water was spilled.” / “None of the tickets were sold.”

1. Singular Agreement Rule: Words ending in -body, -one, and -thing are always grammatically singular (e.g., “Everyone has a car,” NOT “Everyone have a car”).

2. Double Negative Warning: Never use nobody, no one, or nothing alongside negative verb forms (e.g., say “I saw nothing,” NOT “I didn’t see nothing“).

3. The SANAM Rule: For Some, Any, None, All, Most, check the noun following “of”: uncountable nouns require singular verbs, while plural countable nouns require plural verbs.

1. Each other 👥 (used for exactly 2 people or items)

• "Jack and Sarah helped each other study."
• "The two boxers shook hands and congratulated each other after the match."

2. One another 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 (used for more than 2 people or items)

• "All team members should respect one another."
• "During the holidays, the neighbors bring gifts to one another."

1. Each other's (for 2 people):

"Jack and Sarah borrowed each other's books."

2. One another's (for 3+ people):

"The students checked one another's test papers."

⚠️ Grammar Tip: Always place the apostrophe BEFORE the 's' (e.g., each other's / one another's). Never write each others'!

1. Plural Subject Requirement: Reciprocal pronouns require a plural subject or multiple individuals connected by "and" (e.g., say "They helped each other," NOT "Jack helped each other").

2. Action Direction: Make sure the action goes both ways. If person A helps person B, person B must also help person A.

3. Reciprocal vs. Reflexive Difference:

• Reciprocal: "They looked at each other." (A looked at B, and B looked at A).
• Reflexive: "They looked at themselves." (A looked at A in the mirror, and B looked at B in the mirror).

1. Personal Pronouns 👤

A. Subject Pronouns (All 7 Forms):

• 1. I — "I enjoy learning English every morning."
• 2. You — "You did an amazing job on the project."
• 3. He — "He married Bethany last June."
• 4. She — "She works as a doctor at the hospital."
• 5. It — "It is raining heavily outside."
• 6. We — "We are traveling to Europe next month."
• 7. They — "They arrived early for the conference."

B. Object Pronouns (All 7 Forms):

• 8. Me — "Sarah called me on the phone."
• 9. You — "I will help you with your homework."
• 10. Him — "Chad married her, and she loves him dearly."
• 11. Her — "The manager hired her last week."
• 12. It — "I picked up the book and placed it on the desk."
• 13. Us — "The teacher gave us new notebooks."
• 14. Them — "We invited them to our dinner party."

2. Possessive Pronouns 🔐 (All 6 Forms)

• 1. Mine — "That phone is mine."
• 2. Yours — "Is this winter jacket yours?"
• 3. His — "The black laptop on the table is his."
• 4. Hers — "The red car parked outside is hers."
• 5. Ours — "The winning science project was ours."
• 6. Theirs — "They bought the property, so it is theirs."

3. Interrogative Pronouns ❓ (All 7 Forms)

• 1. Who — "Who lives in that apartment?"
• 2. Whom — "Whom did you invite to the party?"
• 3. What — "What is sitting on the kitchen counter?"
• 4. Which — "Which of these two shirts do you prefer?"
• 5. Whose — "Whose keys are lying on the floor?"
• 6. Whoever — "Whoever left the window open should close it."
• 7. Whichever — "Choose whichever suits your schedule best."

4. Reflexive Pronouns 🔄 (All 9 Forms)

• 1. Myself — "I saw myself in the mirror."
• 2. Yourself — "Be careful not to cut yourself with the knife."
• 3. Himself — "The boy wanted to play by himself."
• 4. Herself — "She bought a new dress for herself."
• 5. Itself — "The cat cleaned itself after eating."
• 6. Ourselves — "We prepared ourselves for the long journey."
• 7. Yourselves — "Please make yourselves at home."
• 8. Themselves — "They organized the entire event themselves."
• 9. Oneself — "One must learn to trust oneself."

5. Relative Pronouns 🔗 (All 8 Forms)

• 1. Who — "The boy who lives next door lost his bicycle."
• 2. Whom — "The doctor whom you recommended was helpful."
• 3. Whose — "The student whose car broke down missed class."
• 4. Which — "The book which I borrowed was fascinating."
• 5. That — "People that exercise frequently are generally healthy."
• 6. Whoever — "Send the email to whoever is in charge."
• 7. Whomever — "You may choose whomever you like for the team."
• 8. Whichever — "Take whichever seat is free."

6. Demonstrative Pronouns 📍 (All 5 Forms)

• 1. This — "Come look at this."
• 2. That — "That looks like a dark storm cloud over there."
• 3. These — "These are my favorite running shoes."
• 4. Those — "Who owns those bicycles across the street?"
• 5. Such — "Such was the impact of his inspirational speech."

7. Indefinite Pronouns 🌐 (Primary 24 Forms)

A. Singular Indefinite Pronouns:

• 1. Anyone / Anybody — "Is anybody at your house?"
• 2. Someone / Somebody — "Someone dropped a wallet on the street."
• 3. Everyone / Everybody — "Everyone enjoyed the musical performance."
• 4. No one / Nobody — "Nobody came to the evening meeting."
• 5. Anything — "Did you buy anything at the mall?"
• 6. Something — "There is something making noise in the attic."
• 7. Everything — "Everything is packed and ready for our trip."
• 8. Nothing — "Nothing can stop us now."
• 9. Each — "Each of the students received a certificate."
• 10. One — "One never knows what the future holds."
• 11. Either — "You can choose either of the two options."
• 12. Neither — "Neither of the answers was correct."
• 13. Another — "That cup was delicious; may I have another?"
• 14. Little — "Little is known about his early life."
• 15. Much — "Much has been said about this topic."

B. Plural & Variable Indefinite Pronouns:

• 16. Both — "Both of my sisters are teachers."
• 17. Few — "Many were invited, but few attended."
• 18. Many — "Many have tried to solve this riddle."
• 19. Several — "Several of the plates were broken."
• 20. Others — "Some people agreed, but others objected."
• 21. All — "All of the food was delicious."
• 22. Any — "Are there any left?"
• 23. Most — "Most of the work is already done."
• 24. None — "None of the water was spilled."